Benefits and Losses (John Speaking)
						MAIN PATH: Malik
		Ann		Fred		Malik

I think some of these consequences are difficult to predict. Maybe the results are mixed. Affirmative action has had some of the effects Malik is talking about; but, on the other hand, I don't see how anyone could deny that it has increased animosity. Whites all over the country identified with Bakke in his court case. Right or wrong, they felt that blacks were being given something for nothing.

But if we look simply at jobs, Ann seems to have a good argument. There might be a 'snowball' effect in the black community that actually makes strong affirmative action an inexpensive social policy that generates more gains than losses.

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