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What's
so great about reflective equilibrium -- either the kind Rawls
wants or the kind Held wants?
As near as
I can understand it, Rawls is putting forward what some philosophers
call a "coherence argument" for his moral principles. At least, that's
how I understand his use of reflective equilibrium. He wants to
avoid difficult issues related to "foundationalism" as Vera calls
it. But does he succeed?
Let's assume that his principles fit with our considered
judgments. They "save the data" as philosophers of science sometimes
say. But what good is that? They have no foundation outside our
opinions and attitudes. Isn't there something more?
Some philosophers have asked,
what is the "justificatory force" of a coherence argument in morals?
Here's what David Lyons writes:
Much more important, the
justificatory force of coherence arguments is unclear....We seem
to be 'testing' principles by comparing them with given 'data.'
Because the latter (our shared, considered moral judgments) are
impartial, confidently made, and so on, we can, indeed, regard
them as reliably reflecting our basic moral convictions. But we
can still wonder whether they express any more than arbitrary
committments or sentiments that we happen now to share. To regard
such an argument as justifying moral principles thus seems to
assume either a complacent moral conventionalism or else a
mysterious 'intuitionism' about basic moral 'data.' [See Daniels,
p. 146.]
What do we do when someone challenges our considered judgments? What do we
do when someone develops a consistent moral system that is built around different considered judgments? Perhaps the Ku
Klux Klan or the German National Socialists could do this as
well as anyone. Do we take a vote?
Another way to put it is to ask whether right and
wrong are something other than the product of an agreement between people. Perhaps they have other foundations? Or if
they don't, maybe we are up a creek without a
paddle!
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