I
don't think it would be gratuitous to call wide reflective equilibrium
'moral knowledge.' Think of the different kinds of knowledge: in
mathematics, natural science, social science, and others. All these
are different, but they all overlap in certain ways. If we speak of
reflective equilibrium as moral knowledge, we are adding one more
species of knowledge that overlaps with the others in some ways and is
different in some ways. There is nothing odd about that.
On the other hand, I am concerned that calling
reflective equilibrium 'moral knowledge' might mislead some people --
especially those who equate knowledge with mathematical demonstration
or scientific proof.
The larger question is whether the relativist can have good reasons
to accept a set of moral principles. We could call these good reasons
a justification for the principles. I think that is our
main concern.
Our moral principles are part of a larger set of ideas and views
including the elements in the wide reflective equilibrium:
- factual knowledge of our circumstances
- scientific knowledge, including knowledge of the consequences of
various actions
- metaphysical views such as whether values are built into the
nature of things
- other philosophical views such as the nature of persons
The relativist can adjust his or her moral principles or any of the
elements listed above in order to create a consistent whole. The
resulting system of ideas provides support for the moral principles
that are part of it. As Rawls put it when he was discussing
justice:
A conception of justice cannot be deduced from
self-evident premises or conditions on principles; instead, its
justification is a matter of the mutual support of many
considerations, of everything fitting together into one coherent
view. (Theory of Justice, section 4.)
If we take this view of it, then the relativist can develop a
justification for moral principles. This approach has been called the
method of "wide reflective equilibrium." Whether we call the
result knowledge may
not be important.