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Ann and Malik place emphasis on the fact that some whites have benefited from racial discrimination. In their view, this justifies requiring sacrifices from the beneficiaries. Fred will criticize their argument.

Later on, John will reconsider this approach. He will ask whether being a beneficiary is really all that important when compensation is at issue. When we discover that the correct rules of a procedure have been broken, we sometimes suspend the regular rules while we correct for errors. If we apply this model to racial justice, whites may have to accept a suspension of normal rules while the injustices of the past are dealt with in some way. On this view, being a beneficiary is not the crucial issue.