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Both the arguments based on a right to compensation and those based on beneficial consequences require empirical evidence. Moral philosophy can seldom stand alone when it is applied to real life issues.

The compensation arguments rely heavily on historical information. What happened? Who did what to whom? The utilitarian arguments, on the other hand, must make an attempt to predict the future. What policy will increase the number of black college graduates? What policy will lower unemployment?

Philosophy and the social sciences must work hand in hand to reach answers.