Well-to-do blacks (Ann Speaking)
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It doesn't have to work out that way. It only seems that way if you look at each affirmative action program separately.

Each individual program will probably 'cream' so that it gets the best people. Employers will want to do that to keep up efficiency. Schools will do it to get the best students. But if there is a full range of programs, a person who isn't qualified for one (let's say, to get into Harvard) will be qualified for another (let's say, to get into a typical state school). This works all the way down the line. So in the end, even the least qualified people can be helped and the people harmed the most will be compensated after all.

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