Goals or Quotas? (John Speaking)
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So what you're really saying is that in the case of at least some strong affirmative action programs, we have to choose between a policy of non-discrimination and a policy of discrimination against whites in order to increase the number of black employees, students, etc.

Maybe some of the government policy statements are contradictory. The early statements on affirmative action, like Johnson's executive order, stress non-discrimination. Some of the later statements stress the full "utilization" of blacks and women. That's a different goal.

Even so, I think we can make a compensation argument that justifies a measure of discrimination if we can give it principled limits.

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